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What type of motivation is more effective: reward or punishment? In this study, the authors assess the effects of positive or negative on the math scores of sixth graders.

During transfer of organs from a donor to a patient, the organs deteriorate in part due to damage by free radicals. Application of antioxidant solutions could extend organ preservation times. The authors found that vitamin E and butylated hydroxytoluene seemed to be most effective in arresting cell damage of a bovine lung.

Racial inequality has been a major issue throughout the history of the United States. In recent years, however, especially with the election of America's first black president, many have claimed that we have made progress and are moving towards a post-racial society. The authors of this study sought to test that claim by evaluating whether high school age students still experience a phenomenon known as white guilt. White guilt is defined as remorse or shame felt by people of Caucasian descent about racial inequality.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are projected to lead to a 0.3- 0.4 unit decrease in ocean surface pH levels over the next century. In this study, the authors investigate the effect of pH change on the mass of calcified exoskeletons of common aquatic organisms found in South Florida coastal waters.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a bio-based, compostable plastic that is comparable in cost to petroleum-based plastics. This study aims to evaluate the effects of UV treatment and mechanical chopping on the degradation of PLA. Based on their findings, the authors propose an alternative PLA degradation process that may be more time and energy efficient than current processes.

Many species of trees are distributed widely around the world, though not always in a way that makes immediate sense. The authors here use genetic information to help explain the geographic distribution of various conifer species throughout the world.

Large language models are increasingly used to solve math problems, but their ability to handle multi-step reasoning remains uncertain. In this study, students tested whether different prompting styles could improve LLM accuracy on challenging AIME math questions and found that detailed step-by-step solutions did not significantly outperform simpler prompts. These results suggest that improving LLM mathematical reasoning may require deeper model-level advances rather than changes in prompting style alone.

This study investigated how different sound frequencies (0, 1,000, 5,000, and 15,000 Hz) affect the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris and the transpiration rates of Gaultheria shallon. Although some differences in plant growth were observed, the authors found no consistent evidence that sound frequency enhanced overall growth or transpiration, highlighting the need for further research.

Cancer cells rely heavily on glycolysis, but how they respond when glucose is reintroduced after acute starvation is not well understood. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, students tracked metabolic changes in HeLa cells and found a rapid shift toward glycolysis within 20 minutes of glucose reintroduction, followed by heterogeneous recovery toward oxidative phosphorylation. These results highlight metabolic flexibility and variability in cancer cells, offering insights relevant to treatment resistance and therapeutic design.

This study used surveys, interviews, and XGBoost analysis to examine how experienced and novice entrepreneurs differ in their thinking and decision-making.